It ships with the CLI, and in 0.144.0 it did not.
The release publishes two kinds of asset. There is a bare codex binary for the architecture, and there is a codex-package-<arch>-<os>.tar.gz that contains a bin/ directory holding both codex and codex-code-mode-host. The Homebrew cask was pointing at the bare binary, so the install produced a working codex with its command runner absent.
So nothing on your machine is broken and reinstalling the same version cannot help. The package you were given is short one file.